Pelosi says new tax is "on the table"

A new value-added tax (VAT) is "on the table" to help the U.S. address its fiscal liabilities, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said Monday night.

Pelosi, appearing on PBS's "The Charlie Rose Show" asserted that "it's fair to look at" the VAT as part of an overhaul of the nation's tax code.

"I would say, Put everything on the table and subject it to the scrutiny that it deserves," Pelosi told Rose when asked if the VAT has any appeal to her.

The VAT is a tax on manufacturers at each stage of production on the amount of value an additional producer adds to a product.

Pelosi argued that the VAT would level the playing field between U.S. and foreign manufacturers, the latter of which do not have pension and healthcare costs included in the price of their goods because their governments provide those services, financed by similar taxes.

"They get a tax off of that and they use that money to pay the healthcare for their own workers," Pelosi said, using the example of auto manufacturers. "So their cars coming into our country don't have a healthcare component cost.

"Somewhere along the way, a value-added tax plays into this. Of course, we want to take down the healthcare cost, that's one part of it," the Speaker added. "But in the scheme of things, I think it's fair look at a value- added tax as well."

Pelosi said that any new taxes would come after the Congress finishes the healthcare debate consuming most lawmakers' time, and that it may come as part of a larger overhaul to the tax code.

The Speaker also emphasized that any reworking of the tax code would not result in an increase in taxes on middle-class Americans.

Bank of America posts profit, surprises investors

Waking up this morning to find Bank of America posted a profit on their stock was great.

I've own Bank of America stock since Oct. 2007 and while I will say that purchasing it at $35.50 still have me at a loss, I hope the stock rises.

Depending on what the stock do today and in a few days, I might double on on my holding to bring my cost basis down.

Bank of America managed to avoid a loss in the first quarter, surpassing analysts' expectations and providing further evidence the banking sector might be improving.

The company says it earned $2.81 billion after paying preferred dividends, or 44 cents per share. Analysts expected profit of 4 cents per share.

However, Bank of America recorded a $13.4 billion loan-loss provision, proving that it is not immune from deteriorating credit quality and growing unemployment.

With better-than-expected profit is the latest in a string of bank earnings that have beat expectations, including JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup.

Bank of America has received $45 billion in government funds as part of the Treasury Department's $700 billion financial rescue package.

Get Free Cash for College

It sounds like just a new twist on the all-too common Nigerian scams or Madoff-style Wall Street bait-and-switch. But it's true: Some states, businesses, and colleges are really handing out free cash to help build up parents' college savings accounts.

There are a few catches, of course. Nobody should sign up for anything that sounds suspiciously good without doing a little homework. And most of the grants and rebates are comparatively modest: The typical family might reap a few hundred dollars. Few parents will get enough free cash to make up for the average 20-plus percent decline in 529 college savings plans over the past year. (Tax-protected education savings accounts are called 529s after the part of the Internal Revenue Service code that created them.)

Still, those who collect the grants when their children are young or who are diligent about maximizing rebates could generate several extra thousand dollars.

No wonder those handing out the grants say interest is booming. More than half a million people have signed up for at least one of the rebate or grant programs since the beginning of the year. "You may as well get free money," says Joseph Hurley, founder of savingforcollege.com, who says his credit card and shopping rebates have added thousands of dollars to his family's 529.

There are six sources of free cash for college savings:

States: In at least nine states, government agencies or charities offer grants for college savings to local residents. Maine, for example, in 2009 started handing out $500 to babies born in the state for whom an adult opens a Maine 529. In states such as Arkansas, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Utah, the matching grants go only to low- and middle-income families. Louisiana, New Jersey, and a few other states offer different kinds of grants or scholarship programs to encourage savers.

The catches: Each state has its own deadlines and red tape. Some require parents to fill out long forms early each year, for example. Utah's grants are so new and limited that only 19 families had qualified in the first three months of the program, which started January 1. And the Utah Educational Savings Plan, which awards the money, will stop accepting applications for the year on May 29.

Employers: In 2008, Unum started giving new parents grants of $700. The catches: Parents have to open a 529 savings account before the baby's first birthday, and the bonus is taxable.

Credit cards: Fidelity offers an American Express card that will rebate 2 percent of all purchases to a Fidelity 529. Upromise just launched a Mastercard that will send rebate checks or funnel rebates to a Upromise 529 account or to reduce Sallie Mae educational loans. The new card will rebate at least 1 percent on all purchases, 10 percent on groceries at selected stores, and--if consumers choose--additional rebates on certain gasoline or restaurant purchases. Babymint, Futuretrust, and FreshmanFund offer credit cards that rebate at least 1 percent to any 529 account. The catches: Spenders who carry balances or pay bills late will most likely pay more in interest and fees than they will save for college. Travis Plunkett, spokesman for the Consumer Federation of America, notes that credit card companies are not charities; accordingly, they are probably making more money from their borrowers than they are giving back.

Websites: Babymint, Littlegrad, Futuretrust, Upromise, and other rebate websites will send cash back to shoppers who click through their sites to partner retailers. The catches: Some of the websites make you jump through a few hoops to collect your cash.

Colleges: Several hundred colleges are offering matching grants for parents who sock away college savings. A marketing company, Sage Scholars Inc., has persuaded 230 private colleges to guarantee "Tuition Rewards" scholarships to students from families who invest or shop with Sage's business partners. And 274 private college members of the prepaid Independent 529 plan give parents at least a half-percentage-point discount if they buy tuition for a youngster at today's cost. Dickinson College upped the discount ante last year, adding an extra 4 percent to its inflation discount. That means a family with a 10-year-old who puts about $29,000 in the plan today will have paid a year's tuition in 2017, even though a year's tuition in 2009 is nearly $40,000 and, at the current rate of inflation, will probably reach $60,000 in eight years.

The catches: Plenty. Both the Independent 529 and Sage Scholars networks of colleges are limited to a few hundred comparatively expensive private colleges. There's no guarantee members' children will apply to or be admitted to the member schools. Both programs require parents to sign up several years before they tap their money. And both cover only tuition, not room, board, books, or any other college-related expenses. Sage members build up Tuition Rewards only by investing or shopping with Sage partners, some of whom charge more for their products and services than competitors not affiliated with the firm. In addition, parents of students who don't attend a member school don't get a penny of the promised scholarships back. Sage rules allow colleges to count "rewards," which average about $1,700 a year, against scholarships they were going to give the student anyway, so students may not really get any extra money. If a student doesn't end up attending a member of the Independent 529 network, parents who withdraw their money can receive no more than 2 percent more than they contributed. (But they are also limited to 2 percent less than they contributed, which makes the prepaid plan comparatively attractive right now, when the stock market is weak.)

Relatives and friends: Freshmanfund.com and Ugift offer electronic tools to make it easier to ask relatives and friends to donate to your college savings account in lieu of, say, a birthday or graduation gift. The catches: While Freshmanfund will funnel gifts to any 529, Ugift will work only with Upromise 529s. Some relatives and friends might find requests for donations to be, well, tacky. And, let's face it, you might not have many wealthy relatives. Ugift says that half of the birthday or other event donation requests result in total donations of no more than $100.

Obama administration launches housing plan

The Obama administration kicked off a new program Wednesday that's designed to help up to 9 million borrowers stay in their homes through refinanced mortgages or loans that are modified to lower monthly payments.

Borrowers, however, are being advised to be patient in their efforts to get help because mortgage companies are likely to be flooded with calls.

Government officials, launching the "Making Home Affordable" program also acknowledge that the initiatives are only a partial fix for a sweeping problem that has helped plunge the U.S. economy into the worst recession in decades. In fact, tens of thousands of homeowners in some of the most battered real estate markets — concentrated in California, Florida, Nevada and Arizona — won't be eligible for the two programs.

"It's not intended to prevent every foreclosure or to help every homeowner," a senior Treasury Department official told reporters. "It's really targeted at responsible homeowners."

There was also skepticism that banks would be willing to participate.

"I've just seen so many of the programs not work," said Pava Leyrer, president of Heritage National Mortgage in Randville, Mich. "It gets borrowers hopes up. They call and call for these programs and we can't get anybody to do them."

The Obama administration's program has two parts: one to work with lenders to modify the loan terms for up to 4 million homeowner, the second to refinance up to 5 million homeowners into more affordable fixed-rate loans.

For the modification program, borrowers who are eligible will have to provide their most recent tax return and two pay stubs, as well as an "affidavit of financial hardship" to qualify for the loan modification program, which runs through 2012.

Borrowers are only allowed to have their loans modified once, and the program only applies for loans made on Jan. 1 2009, or earlier. Mortgages for single-family properties that are worth more than $729,750 are excluded.

Lenders could reduce a borrower's interest rate to as low as 2 percent for five years. Rates would then rise to about 5 percent until the mortgage is repaid.

If the plan works as intended, it could be a big plus for borrowers like Nick Kavalary, a network cable installer who lives outside Milwaukee.

Kavalary, 42, has been struggling with JPMorgan Chase & Co. to get a loan modification. He was finally approved for one this year, but it only cuts his interest rate to about 9.8 percent from 10.75 percent. Even at the lower rate, he said, making the payment is nearly impossible.

"If I can't pick up a second job, I'm going to lose this house," he said. "With the job market being the way it is, nobody's hiring nobody."

For the refinance program, only homeowners whose loans are held by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac are eligible and have until June 2010 to apply.

Consumers should contact their loan servicer — the company that sends out their monthly bill — to find out if their mortgages are held by Fannie or Freddie. The two mortgage finance companies own or guarantee almost 31 million home loans — more than half of all U.S home mortgages.

Many mortgage brokers, however, are critical. They argue the fees imposed by Fannie and Freddie over the past year make it difficult for borrowers to afford to refinance. The two companies, which are now government controlled, have yet to detail how they will implement the plan, or whether any fees will be rolled back.

Meanwhile, action to put in place another part of Obama's housing plan is expected soon on Capitol Hill.

House Democrats agreed Tuesday to narrow proposed legislation that gives bankruptcy judges the power to change the terms of mortgage loans for debt-strapped borrowers.

In the latest version of the bill, judges would have to consider whether a homeowner had been offered a reasonable deal by the bank to rework his or her home loan before seeking help in bankruptcy court. Borrowers also would have a responsibility to prove that they tried to modify their mortgages.

Madoff client list peppered with big names

Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Sandy Koufax, actor John Malkovich and World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein are among the well-known people who were customers of accused swindler Bernard Madoff, according to new court papers.

Among the thousands of others on the roster are U.S. Sen. Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey; Fred Wilpon, owner of the New York Mets baseball team; imprisoned class-action lawyer Melvyn Weiss; Madoff's sons, Mark and Andrew and their children as well as Madoff's brother, Peter.

Filmmaker Steven Spielberg's Wunderkinder Foundation, Columbia University and the charity Jewish Funds for Justice are among other customers listed.

The 162-page document was filed late Wednesday with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in New York as a court-appointed trustee liquidates Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC to recover assets for defrauded customers.

In all, five lists were filed with the court, labeled Customers, Vendors, Employees, Brokers/Dealers and Other Parties.

The customer list contains names and addresses of individuals and institutions. No details were included on the amounts of money invested. The lists were put together by AlixPartners LLP, a firm specializing in bankruptcy claims support that is assisting the trustee.

One of Madoff's lawyers, Ira Lee Sorkin, is also named on the customer list.

Sorkin declined to comment to Reuters on Thursday on whether he had invested with Madoff.

"I've been told it's a client list, and I've also been told it's a mailing list, so I think you need to check with the receiver or the trustee to determine whether these individuals are clients, customers, investors or just simply received mail," Sorkin said.

"My position from day one has been I will not discuss present clients or former clients," he said.

The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), which is examining Madoff customer claims, was not immediately available for comment. A representative of the trustee, Irving Picard, could not be reached immediately.

The list provides new details about the clients that the once-respected Madoff cultivated over the years -- a roster sprinkled with names of people who live in affluent neighborhoods of Manhattan and parts of South Florida including Palm Beach and Boca Raton. Madoff long attracted clients through his reputation for posting amazingly consistent investment returns.

The Manhattan office of Madoff's firm was declared a crime scene after the 70-year-old investment manager was arrested on Dec. 11. Madoff is accused in what authorities have described as the biggest Ponzi scheme in history. In a Ponzi scheme, early investors are paid with money from new investors.

Also listed are the Madoff firm's outside auditors, David Friehling and Jerome Horowitz from the small Friehling & Horowitz accounting firm in New City, New York, as well as Madoff's wife, Ruth, and Madoff employees, including JoAnne "Jodi" Crupi and Frank DiPascali.

Among the financial institutions on the customer list are UBS AG, Bank of America Corp, BNP Paribas and Citigroup Inc.

Financiere Agache, a subsidiary of the holding company of French billionaire Bernard Arnault, was also on the list. Arnault is the head of luxury goods group LVMH and his Groupe Arnault holding firm controls Financiere Agache.

A spokesman for Financiere Agache told Reuters its account with Madoff had been inactive since 2004, although it had not been legally closed. The spokesman added that Financiere Agache had not booked any losses from the account.

At a bankruptcy court hearing on Wednesday, Picard said $946 million has been recovered so far from Madoff's firm. He said, however, that gaining access to the firm's computers and examining 7,000 unmarked boxes of documents stored in a warehouse was taking time.

Economic crisis hitting men harder than women

The economic crisis is hitting men much harder than women in the workplace, largely because male-dominated industries like construction and transportation are bearing the brunt of job losses, figures show.

Women, meanwhile, dominate sectors that are still growing, like government and healthcare, experts said.

"It's men that have taken the hit," said Andrew Sum, director of the Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University in Boston. "It's been an overwhelmingly male phenomena."

Four-fifths of the 2.74 million people who lost their jobs between November 2007 and November 2008 were men, Sum said.

The biggest losses came in construction, where men comprise 87 percent of the work force, he said. Large losses also came in manufacturing and wholesale trade, where men make up more than two-thirds of the work force, he said.

"Males were dominant in sectors that were taking a bad hit," he said. "It's men and the blue-collar jobs. It's overwhelming."

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, men's employment as a ratio of the population dropped by 2.7 percent, while the ratio among women's dropped 0.8 percent from December 2007 to December 2008. The unemployment rate among men rose to 7.9 percent from 5.0, while among women, it rose to 6.4 percent from 4.8 percent, the agency said.

The gap between men's and women's unemployment is the highest since 1983, said Heather Boushey, senior economist at the Center for American Progress.

"The recession started with the collapse of the housing bubble," Boushey said. "Clearly we've seen significant layoffs in the construction industry and other sectors, and that really has been driving this problem."

Meanwhile, women are strongly represented in sectors that are still growing, experts noted.

Health and education sectors -- where three-quarters of workers are women -- added 536,000 jobs, Sum said.

Women office workers, like receptionists and clerical workers, have suffered losses. The sector, more than 70 percent female, has lost about 800,000 jobs, Sum said.

Women accounted for 102,000 of the 134,000 lost in the financial sector, Boushey said. But job loss in that industry has been relatively small, compared to manufacturing jobs, she said.

Women may see more job losses ahead in the financial sector, where they hold about 59 percent of jobs, Sum said.

"They're just beginning to lay off," he said. "I expect to see more business-related losses in the months ahead."

10 New Tax Laws You Need to Know

With each new year comes a new batch of tax rules and miscellaneous changes to the laws that taxpayers need to be aware of. There's no denying that the tax code in the United States is incredibly complex, and there are tons of changes.

Recovery Rebate Credit

If you weren't eligible for an economic stimulus payment in 2008, you might still be able to get that money. The initial payments were based on your 2007 income, and if your income was too low or too high, you may have missed out. You can now use your 2008 income to collect, and the IRS is offering help in calculating whether you qualify.

AMT Exemption Increased

The Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) is a law that was created to make sure high income earners didn't get out of paying income taxes. Now this rule is affecting more middle-income taxpayers, but the "bailout bill" upped the exemption amount for 2008 to spare more taxpayers from the AMT for one more year.

First Time Homebuyer Credit

If you bought your first home between April 9, 2008 and June 30, 2009, you might qualify for a new credit. Taxpayers can get up to $7,500 from the federal government, which has to be paid back over 15 years at a rate of $500 per year. It amounts to an interest-free loan from Uncle Sam that can help you get your first house.

Tax Relief for Midwest Disaster Areas

If you lived in certain Midwest states that were affected by severe storms, tornadoes or flooding that happened between May 19 and August 1, 2008, you can receive special tax breaks. The rules include reduced restrictions on casualty loss deductions and charitable contribution deductions. There is also an exemption available if you provided housing to a victim of these disasters.

Increased Contribution Limits for IRAs

The tax rules permit taxpayers to contribute to traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs if their income falls within certain parameters. If your income is too high, you are limited in these contributions. All of the limits increased for 2008, which means taxpayers with higher income might still be able to contribute.

Standard Mileage Rate Changed

The standard mileage rate for business use of your vehicle was 50.5 cents per mile for the first six months of 2008, and 58.5 cents per mile for the rest of the year. The rates also changed for miles driven for medical reasons or charitable purposes.

Capital Gains Taxes Lowered

Those with lower incomes will benefit from a reduction in the lowest capital gains rate. The formerly 5% rate for married taxpayers with income under $65,100 and single taxpayers with income under $32,500 has now been reduced to 0%.

Kiddie Tax Changes

The rules related to investment income of children have changed to include students between ages 18 and 24 who are not financially reporting themselves. A child with investment income greater than $1,800 must be taxed at the parent's tax rate to avoid shifting of investments to children to escape income taxes.

Required Minimum Distributions From IRAs

Retirees with tax-deferred retirement funds such as 401(k)s and IRAs are required to take minimum amounts out of those funds once they reach age 70 ½ . The government requires this because those amounts taken out are taxable on withdrawal, and it ensures the IRS gets something from retirees. Because of the stock market troubles, RMDs are suspended for 2009. That doesn't help when preparing 2008 taxes, but is important to note for planning for 2009.

Free Tax Help

Low income and elderly taxpayers have several options for free tax help. The most extensive option is the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program. Qualified tax preparers volunteer their time to help answer tax questions and prepare basic tax returns. Taxpayers can also get assistance by calling the IRS or visiting one of their walk-in centers.

Seven Surprising Stay-Home Salaries

Sales Representatives
More than ever, big companies are farming out their sales forces. But instead of jobs going overseas, they're going to the suburbs. According to the BLS, one in five sales reps telecommute. The highest paying sales jobs usually involve technical and scientific products. These sales jobs are more likely to require a bachelor's degree. Studying marketing, business, or communications can be excellent preparation for this line of work.
Stay-Home Salary: $68,270

Financial Analysts
Financial analysts help large companies and non-profit organizations figure out how, when, and where to invest their money. Often employed by investment banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies, the independent nature of the work lends itself to working from the home office. You'll need a bachelor's degree in finance, business administration, economics, or accounting to get in on the ground floor.
Stay-Home Salary: $70,400

Personal Financial Advisors
This is another high finance, home-office profession. Instead of working with large endowments, personal financial advisors help individuals manage their money, protect their assets, and plan for retirement. Financial advisors work for financial services firms or investment and planning firms. A minimum of a bachelor's degree in finance, business administration, or accounting is required.
Stay-Home Salary: $67,660

Web Designers
Two career paths that are particularly well suited to telecommuting are graphic design and computing. These career paths intersect for the job of Web developers, also called Web designers. These creative techies craft a Web site's look and make sure it functions. Most employers are looking for a bachelor's degree, and many schools offer programs specifically in Web site design.
Stay-Home Salary: $47,000 to $71,500

Software Developers
These tech-savvy telecommuters design and develop commuter applications. Therefore, they need to be well versed in programming languages as well as operating systems. A bachelor's degree in computer science or software engineering is required, but your education is likely to pay off. The BLS predicts 38 percent growth through 2016, making this one of the nation's fastest growing occupations.
Stay-Home Salary: $83,130

Accountant
Accounting is all about keeping the fiscal house in order--paying taxes, reporting earnings, analyzing budgets, and guiding investments. The individual nature of the work allows many accountants to routinely work from home. Certification and a degree in accounting are typical job requirements.
Stay-Home Salary: $57,060

Marketing Manager
Managers (in any department) are more likely to regularly work from home. Marketing managers may find creativity blooms with the freedom of the home office. Increasingly, a master's degree in business administration is becoming the norm for marketing managers, though a good track record and a bachelor's degree may suffice.
Stay-Home Salary: $104,400

The Truth Behind the Telecommute
Technically, to be considered a telecommuter you must regularly works eight or more paid hours at home each week. Telecommuting can cut down on a killer commute or carve out more time for the kids. It can help you find a better work-life balance. But let's be clear--there are a few things telecommuting is not designed for.

1. It is not a substitute for child care. Imagine trying to hold a conference call while entertaining your two-year-old.

2. It is not for the recluse. The key to successful telecommuting is communication, particularly with your supervisors.

3. It is not entry-level workers. According to the BLS Occupational Outlook Quarterly, it is far more effective for employees to make a case for telecommuting after proving their value.

Working at home can help you save on skyrocketing gas prices, but it makes financial sense for your employer, too. A study done for the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas showed telecommuters earning $44,000 a year saved their company an average of $10,000. And, telecommuting options improve morale, productivity, and worker retention.

Buying on Web to avoid sales taxes could end soon

Shopping online can be a way to find bargains while steering clear of crowds — and sales taxes.

But those tax breaks are starting to erode. With the recession pummeling states' budgets, their governments increasingly want to fill the gaps by collecting taxes on Internet sales, which are growing even as the economy shudders.

And that is sparking conflict with companies that do business online only and have enjoyed being able to offer sales-tax free shopping.

One of the most aggressive states, New York, is being sued by Amazon.com Inc. over a new requirement that online companies must collect taxes on shipments to New York residents, even if the companies are located elsewhere. New York's governor also wants to tax "Taxman" covers and other songs downloaded from Internet services like iTunes.

The amount of money at stake nationwide is unclear; online sales were expected to make up about 8 percent of all retail sales in 2008 and total $204 billion, according to Forrester Research. This is up from $175 billion in 2007.

Based on that 2008 figure, Forrester analyst Sucharita Mulpuru says her rough estimate is that if Web retailers had to collect taxes on all sales to consumers, it could generate $3 billion in new revenue for governments.

It's uncertain how much more could come as well from unpaid sales taxes on Internet transactions between businesses. But even with both kinds of taxes available, state budgets would need more help. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates that the states' budget gaps in the current fiscal year will total $89 billion.

Collecting online sales taxes is not as simple as it might sound. A nationwide Internet business faces thousands of tax-collecting jurisdictions — states, counties and cities — and tangled rules about how various products are taxed.

And a 1992 U.S. Supreme Court ruling said that states can't force businesses to collect sales taxes unless the businesses have operations in that state. The court also said Congress could lift the ban, which remains in place — for now.

As a result, generally only businesses with a "physical presence" in a state — such as a store or office building — collect sales tax on products sent to buyers in the same state. For instance, a Californian buying something from Barnes & Noble Inc.'s Web site pays sales tax because the bookseller has stores in the Golden State. Buying the same thing directly from Amazon would not ring up sales tax.

That doesn't mean products purchased online from out-of-state companies are necessarily tax-free. Consumers are usually supposed to self-report taxes on these items. This is called a use tax, but not surprisingly, it tends to go unreported.

In hopes of unraveling the complex tax rules — and bringing states more money — 22 states and many brick-and-mortar retailers support the efforts of a group called the Streamlined Sales Tax Governing Board. The group is getting states to simplify and make uniform their numerous tax rates and rules, in exchange for a crack at taxing online sales.

Among other things, participating states need to change how they define things such as "food" and "clothing." For example, one state might now consider a T-shirt clothing and tax it as such, while another might consider it a sporting good and tax it differently.

In response, more than 1,100 retailers have registered with the streamlining group and are collecting sales taxes on items shipped to states that are part of the agreement — even if they are not legally obligated to.

The streamlining board also is lobbying Congress to let the participating states do what the Supreme Court ruling banned: They could force businesses to collect taxes on sales made to in-state customers, even if the businesses don't have a physical presence there.

New Jersey, Michigan and North Carolina are among the largest of the 19 states that have adjusted their tax laws to fully comply with the group's streamlined setup. Washington was the only state to join in 2008, but three more states are close to becoming full members of the group. And Scott Peterson, the group's executive director, expects another seven states — including Texas, Florida and Illinois — to introduce legislation in January that would make them eligible to join.

Undoing the patchwork can be difficult, even if the weak economy increases states' motivation to go after online sales taxes. Similar bills have been introduced in several states and failed, sometimes because of the cost of changing tax laws. New York, for example, decided against joining the streamlining board because it would require extensive revisions to its tax rules.

Besides various states and retailers such as Wal-Mart Stores Inc., Borders Group Inc. and J.C. Penney Co., the National Retail Federation, the industry's biggest trade group, also supports the Streamlined Sales Tax group.

Companies that handle Web sales only have organized as well. NetChoice, whose members include eBay Inc. and online discount retailer Overstock.com Inc., supports the states' tax simplification efforts, but its executive director, Steve DelBianco, says online retailers should have to collect taxes only in states where they have a physical presence.

But what if the meaning of "physical presence" is changed? New York essentially did that in April when its budget included a provision requiring online retailers like Amazon to collect taxes on purchases made by New Yorkers.

The new rule requires retailers to collect sales tax if they solicit business in New York by paying anyone within the state for leading customers to them. Since some Web site operators within New York are compensated for posting ads that link to sites like Amazon, the online retailers would have to collect taxes.

Matt Anderson, spokesman for the New York State Division of the Budget, said the state expects to reap $23 million during the current fiscal year, which ends March 31, from newly collected online sales taxes.

That's a sliver of the overall state budget for the same period, which is $119.7 billion. The state faces a revenue gap of $1.7 billion.

Yet Anderson said the state wants "to level the playing field and end the "unfair competitive advantage" Web-only companies have over brick-and-mortar stores that can't avoid collecting sales taxes.

Amazon complies, and collects sales taxes on shipments to New York. However, Amazon is still fighting the rule. It sued New York in April, alleging its provision is unconstitutional. Amazon also said it is being specifically targeted by the law. The case is pending.

Amazon declined further comment.

Salt Lake City-based Overstock is also suing New York over the law. Unlike Amazon, Overstock is not collecting sales tax in New York, because it ended agreements with about 3,400 affiliates in the state that were being paid for directing traffic to Overstock.com.

The Streamlined Sales Tax group hopes Congress takes up its uniform-tax idea in 2009. Peterson thinks the dismal economy boosts the chances of passage.

But Congress also will be occupied with economic stimulus plans involving bigger pools of money. And Mulpuru, the Forrester Research analyst, notes that for years there has been talk of taxing online retailers.

States with highest unemployment rates share root causes

Unlike the last recession, today's unemployment hot spots are all over the map.

The five states with the highest unemployment rates -- Michigan, Rhode Island, South Carolina, California and Oregon -- all have something in common, though: a heightened exposure to the root causes of this downward spiral.

The collapse of housing. The implosion of the auto industry. The meltdown of financial services. The exodus of manufacturing.

All states are feeling the pain, but the worst are getting hammered on multiple fronts:

-- The rotten housing market has punished California lenders and builders, taken an ax to Oregon's timber industry and soured the prospects for construction workers in Rhode Island, where buyers from neighboring states helped drive up home prices.

-- The steady decline of the manufacturing sector has punished Rhode Island and South Carolina, where laid-off factory workers lack the training and job opportunities in an increasingly high-tech economy.

-- The auto industry's pain is Michigan's above all. But it is also being felt in states like South Carolina, where German automaker BMW has cut 500 temporary workers, and in California, where many of dealerships have shut down.

"What makes this a different recession," said Rebecca Blank, an economist at the Brookings Institution, "is that it is so widespread."

During the 2001 recession, which was largely tied to the dot-com collapse, the West had a disproportionate amount of the jobless burden: Oregon, Washington, Alaska and California had the highest unemployment rates. (Mississippi and Washington, D.C. were tied with California.)

There is one region of the country that has largely avoided the country's real estate and manufacturing woes, and as a result has been spared the worst of the recession's pain.

A contiguous cluster of rural states -- Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Utah -- had the lowest unemployment rates in November, ranging from 3.2 percent to 3.7 percent. The Labor Department on Friday said the national jobless rate in December was 7.2 percent.

Historically high prices for energy and grains have been a boon to their economies, although recent declines in commodity prices are beginning to bite, economists said.

For the majority of the country, the air has come out of a decade-long housing bubble, with home prices falling an average of 20 percent in the past year and almost one in ten mortgages either overdue or in foreclosure. A wide swath of industries is feeling the pain, including real estate agents, bankers, builders, lumber companies and furniture makers.

The real estate bust is at the heart of mounting job losses in California, which has seen its unemployment rate reach 8.4 percent, the third-highest in the nation. In the year ending in November, 71 percent of the nonfarm jobs lost in California were housing-related.

Many of the nation's leading mortgage lenders -- Countrywide Financial, New Century Financial, IndyMac Bancorp, and Fremont General Corp. -- were based in California and have since been bought by larger banks or gone bankrupt.

The recently unemployed in California include Filemon Galvan, 41, of Buena Park, Calif., who was laid off from his job as a carpenter for a housing subcontractor in August.

"It's been a long time since we had a nice family outing," Galvan said in Spanish.

As the country's leading lumber producer, Oregon has also taken a direct hit from housing, with sawmills producing sharply less than a year ago. The slump has cost Oregon about 1,000 logging jobs in the past two years and more than 7,000 jobs in wood manufacturing, which includes plywood mills and the production of door and window frames, said David Cooke, an economist in Oregon's employment department.

Not even tiny Rhode Island, which has the nation's second-highest unemployment rate at 9.3 percent, has been exempt from the housing bust.

The slide has cost Rhode Island more than 3,000 construction jobs in the past year, according to the U.S. Labor Department.

Due to a combination of high energy prices, a strong dollar and competition from overseas, manufacturers have been manhandled for most of this decade -- and ground zero for the loss of factory jobs is Michigan. Its crumbling auto industry explains a large part of the state's nation-leading unemployment rate of 9.6 percent. Around the state, and across the country, the state's automakers have had to close plants and showrooms, cut back workers' hours and reduce wages as consumers' appetite for new cars dwindles along with their job security.

But the manufacturing slowdown has gone far beyond the industrial Midwest. South Carolina's jobless rate has reached 8.4 percent, the third-highest, as it struggles to replace lost textile and apparel manufacturing jobs with the type of high-tech industries that North Carolina has been able to attract.

And Rhode Island, not generally known as a manufacturing hub, has suffered. The industrial conglomerate Textron Inc., which is based in Providence and makes Cessna jets and Bell helicopters, laid off 2,200 of its 43,000 workers last year.

Most of the state's manufacturers are small, however, and have had a tough time weathering the credit crunch.

Lincoln, R.I. resident Larry Miller believed he would retire from the auto parts manufacturer where he first got a job as a newly married 26-year-old. That was two factory closings ago, the most recent being a plant owned by KIK Custom Products, which also had employed his wife.

"The word loyalty is gone," said Miller, shaking his head while sitting at his kitchen table. He found a new job in Massachusetts, but his wife is still looking.

Like South Carolina, the state hasn't yet made a successful transformation from manufacturing to newer-economy industries such as biotech or computing.

"I would summarize Rhode Island's economy as information age, hold the information," said Leonard Lardaro, an economist at the University of Rhode Island.

German tycoon Adolf Merckle commits suicide

German billionaire Adolf Merckle has committed suicide, in despair over the huge losses suffered by his business empire during the financial crisis, his family said on Tuesday.

The media-shy billionaire, whose family controls some of Germany's best-known companies, was hit by a train on Monday evening, local officials said.

"The desperate situation of his companies caused by the financial crisis, the uncertainties of the last few weeks and his powerlessness to act, have broken the passionate family entrepreneur and he took his own life," a family statement said.

State prosecutors from the southern city of Ulm said Merckle, 74, left work on Monday and died after being hit by a train near the town of Blaubeuren. He left behind a suicide note to his family, they added.

There was no sign of anyone else being involved, they said.

In 2008 Merckle was ranked as the world's 94th-richest person and Germany's fifth-wealthiest by Forbes magazine.

On Tuesday pale blood stains still dotted the snow along the railway track where he died. The area looked deserted apart from a police car nearby.

Merckle, a father of four, inherited the basis of his fortune from his Bohemian grandfather, but went on to build up the chemical wholesale company into Germany's largest drugs wholesaler.

The passionate skiier and mountain climber assembled a business conglomerate with about 100,000 employees and 30 billion euros ($40.45 billion) in annual sales.

His family controls a number of German companies including cement maker HeidelbergCement and generic drug company Ratiopharm.

But the empire was rocked last year by wrong-way bets made on shares in Volkswagen after a surprise stakeholding announcement from Porsche sent the VW share price rocketing as short sellers scrambled to cover their positions.

Banking sources had told Reuters the family lost hundreds of millions of euros on investments, with about 400 million euros lost on Volkswagen shares alone.

Since then the family has been in talks for weeks with banks to renegotiate loans. Banking sources said on Tuesday his death was not expected to affect loan agreements with the family.

Shares in HeidelbergCement fell as much as 12.5 percent following the news of Merckle's death and ended the day down 6.2 percent at 31.25 euros.

"Some investors are afraid that there will be no one to lead negotiations during this sensitive situation for the company," one trader in Frankfurt said.

Psychologists and other mental health experts have said suicide rates could creep up as a result of the financial crisis.

Last month Frenchman Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet, 65, a co-founder of money manager Access International, was found dead in a New York office building, reportedly distraught over losing up to $1.4 billion in client money to Bernard Madoff's alleged fraud. He slit his wrists with box cutters.

Mortgages: What You Need to Know in 2009

You have to go back to around 1961 to find a time when 30-year mortgages had rates this low, according to Keith Gumbinger, a vice-president at financial publisher HSH Associates in Pompton Plains, N.J. For that, thank the U.S. government, which is trying to jump-start the stalled housing market by buying up mortgage-backed securities.

Rates are probably headed even lower in 2009, raising the question of whether you should borrow now or wait for a better deal. The experts are sharply divided over this one. Put it this way: If you're a gambler, wait. If you can't sleep at night worrying that rates will go up from here, borrow now.

Here are some key things you need to know about today's mortgage market:

Now More Than Ever, Shop Around

In ordinary times, one loan is about as good as another because most lenders' offers on 30-year loans are clustered within around a quarter of a percentage point. Not now. With the economy so shaky, lenders are all over the map in how much risk they're willing to take in making loans. So it really pays to shop around. And keep checking, because rates are constantly changing. One day in late December 2008, Wells Fargo was offering 30-year conforming loans at 5.0% plus one point, while Bank of America was offering the same kind of loan at 6.625% plus one point, according to Cameron Findlay, chief economist of LendingTree.com, a division of Home Loan Center. No offense to Bank of America, but only a sucker would have borrowed from it instead of Wells Fargo that day.

For New Loans, Get a Fixed Rate

Forget what you were told in quieter times about the pros and cons of fixed- vs. adjustable-rate mortgage loans. These days, all the best deals are on fixed-rate loans because that's the segment of the market that the government has been targeting with support. The securitization of adjustable-rate loans has mostly dried up, so banks don't want to originate ARMs, therefore they don't offer attractive rates on them, says HSH's Gumbinger.

If You Have an ARM, Keep It for Now

On the other hand, if you got an ARM in the past and it's coming up on an interest rate reset, don't rush to unload it. Short-term interest rates have gotten so low that you're very likely to see your monthly payment fall. Thank your lucky stars if your ARM happens to be indexed to the one-year Treasury bill, whose yield has fallen below half a percent. Even with the typical spread added on, you're still paying only around 3.25% a year, says Gumbinger. ARMs indexed to LIBOR (the London Interbank Offered Rate) are resetting these days to the low 4s, which is still excellent.

Check Your Finances

The hurdles to get one of those low fixed-rate loans are high because Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have tightened standards for the loans they'll buy or guarantee, even though the two mortgage finance giants are now under government conservatorship. You'll need a FICO score of at least 720 for the best interest rate, although for a big enough fee Fannie and Freddie will guarantee loans with FICO scores down to the mid-600s. You may also need a down payment of 20%. In the boom times you could get a "piggyback" loan to shrink your down payment, but those are history. Even private mortgage insurance, which used to cover some of the financing gap up to 20%, is much harder to get now because the issuers have suffered big losses.

Lately, says LendingTree's Findlay, the highest hurdle for many buyers has been lenders' debt-to-income standards. Here are the numbers, as of late December, according to LendingTree: For a Fannie or Freddie conforming loan, monthly mortgage payments cannot exceed 28% of gross income, while all debt payments (including student loans, etc.) cannot exceed 36% of gross income.

For a Federal Housing Administration-guaranteed loan, the corresponding figures are 29% for mortgage debt and 41% for all debt.

Before Making an Offer, Get Pre-Qualified

Home sellers are likely to give you a better deal on a house if you're pre-qualified for a mortgage. Why? Because it shows you can get the deal done quickly. In this market, nothing burns a seller more than being strung along by a buyer who wants the house but can't qualify for a loan to buy it.

First-Time Borrowers: Get Credit Counseling

A lot of the mess we're in now could have been avoided if first-time home buyers had paid attention to warnings about getting overextended. If you don't want to listen to your parents or nosy brother-in-law, then visit a credit counseling agency. Says Rick Sharga, marketing vice-president at RealtyTrac: "Most people getting into the market for the first time seriously underestimate the cost of maintaining a home, from taxes to upkeep. What happens if that water heater blows? Do you have enough money to pay for it without missing a mortgage payment?"

Think Hard About Refinancing Now

The decision about when to refinance comes down to personal risk preferences. Of course, you should also run your numbers through one of the many online calculators (a rough rule of thumb is that it makes sense to refinance if the new rate is a full percentage point below your current rate and you don't plan to move soon).

The argument to wait, as expressed by BanxQuote.com President Norbert Mehl, is that the Federal Reserve and Treasury Dept. are determined to force mortgage rates lower in 2009 and are bound to have their way. Says Mehl: "The pressure on the banks will continue to mount to bring down interest rates, not just on mortgages but on all kinds of personal loans."

In contrast, LendingTree.com's Findlay says that while it's reasonable to guess that rates will fall more, nothing's for sure. "Rates have come down so fast that trying to pick the bottom is a mistake," he says. "Their propensity to slingshot back up is high." He votes for refinancing now if the numbers work.

6 High Paying Jobs

Here are six high paying jobs you may not have heard of:

Eco Tourism Director

Traditional hospitality careers are increasingly marching to the ecotourism drumbeat. According to the International Ecotourism Society, ecotourism is growing at three times the rate of traditional vacationing, increasing annually up to 30 percent. If you're just preparing for the field, seek an associate's degree in hospitality, travel, or tourism. If you're already aboard, why not train to manage a hotel, bed and breakfast, spa, or resort with a graduate degree in business or hospitality? The majority of lodging managers are self-employed professionals. Top earners in 2007 averaged $83,240 for the year.

Professional Hacker

Ever hear of a certified ethical hacker? That's the professional IT certification for a computer scientist that works as a security specialist, forensic investigator, or network defense architect for corporations, the government, and law enforcement agencies to help prevent hacking or to track down perpetrators. To get into the field, you'll need more than the hacking skills you tweaked together in your garage. Begin by earning a bachelor's degree in computer science or information technology. You can get additional online college training in network security. The top 50 percent of computer scientists earned between $97,970 and $123,900 in 2007.

Pet Psychologist

Don't be so shocked. Even Sparky sometimes needs help to keep from gnawing through the neighbor's bed of prized roses. Once the local vet has ruled out physical ailments that can contribute to rude pet behavior, people who love their animals may need to call in a trained, certified behaviorist or pet psychologist. As with human patients, pets can be analyzed and taught to act contrary to destructive impulses. There are even certified applied animal behaviorists. To get into the field, you'll need a master's or doctorate degree in psychology, preferably with additional work in zoology and animal behavior. Salaries vary greatly by locale, but can be upwards of $90,000 a year.

Conservation Consultant

There are companies who are greatly concerned with increasing energy efficiency. And there are those with a conscience, striving to reduce their carbon footprint. When Yahoo! decided to go carbon-neutral by 2007, they hired a director of energy strategy and climate change. Combine your thirst for conservation with an engineering degree to prepare for this thriving field. The U.S. Labor Department predicts a hefty 25 percent increase in environmental engineers during the 2006-2016 decade. In 2007, the top 50 percent earned between $70,000 and $106,000.

Fashion Consultant/Personal Shopper
Among those who care about their appearance, many are born with amazing taste; some have to work for it. Fashion designers and consultants help those who can afford personal attention to transform their image. You can be the one to consult on hair, makeup, and fashion--and then be the one to take your clients shopping. Get career training through an associate's or bachelor's degree program in fashion design. Top earners in the fashion design trades in 2007 took home $121,640 on average.

Mobile Experience Architect

The cool streaming videos and eye-popping CD covers that get delivered to the screens of millions of cell phones and PDAs each hour are designed to make you spend money. Information architects create the structure and mind-manipulating patterns (site maps) of each mobile delivery. You'll need to learn about marketing, strategy, and user testing through a degree program in computer science, Web design, or business. There's even an IT certification for professional mobile architects. Salaries range into six figures.

Now is the time to get into the hot career fields you might not have ever thought about.

Mass. investor saw inside Madoff scam

His repeated warnings that Wall Street money manager Bernard Madoff was running a giant Ponzi scheme have cast Harry Markopolos as an unheeded prophet.

But people who know or worked with Markopolos say it wasn't prescience that helped him foresee the collapse of Madoff's alleged $50 billion fraud. Instead, they say diligence and a strong moral sense drove his quixotic, nine-year quest to alert regulators about Madoff.

"He followed through on everything he ever did. He never let up," said his mother, Georgia Markopolos, in an interview Thursday. "Some kids just let it go if it's too hard, but he wouldn't do that."

"He feels very sorry for these people that got taken," she added. "It wouldn't have happened if they would have listened to him long ago."

Markopolos waged a remarkable battle to uncover fraud at Madoff's operation, sounding the alarm back in 1999 and continuing with his warnings all through this decade. The government never acted, Madoff continued his ways, and people lost billions.

Markopolos reached his conclusion with the help of mathematicians like Dan diBartolomeo, whose analysis of the Madoff's methods in 1999 helped fuel Markopolos' suspicions.

"People should have seen the writing on the wall," diBartolomeo said.

Markopolos did not respond to multiple e-mail or phone requests for an interview.

The 52-year-old resident of Whitman, about 20 miles south of Boston, grew up in Erie, Pa., the oldest of three siblings.

His mother said her son was a little nerdy as a child, as well as occasionally mischievous and unfailingly honest. She recalled an incident where he pelted his elementary school with eggs in the middle of winter, but no one saw him. Time passed with no confession from anyone, until Markopolos stepped forward, admitted he did it, and cleaned the school himself.

Markopolos became an adept hunter and fisherman as he grew up, like many from the rural area, but also showed early aptitude at academics, as well as a willingness to question authority.

"He used to challenge the teachers," his mother said with a laugh. "He'd tell them he had the right answers, but they had the wrong questions."

Markopolos graduated from Cathedral Prep in Erie in 1974, then in 1981 from Loyola College in Maryland, which his mother said he paid for on his own. After time in the Army and in the financial services field, he earned a graduate management degree from Boston College in 1997.

By 1999, he was working for Rampart Investment Management Co. and charged with doing competitive research on Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, which was using a similar investment strategy as his company, but far outperforming it. Part of Markopolos's research included a visit to diBartolomeo, whom he knew from his professional circle.

"I think he was curious about how his competitor was doing so much better than they were," diBartolomeo recalled.

Researching Madoff's numbers, using data the firm distributed to prospective investors, diBartolomeo concluded within hours that it was impossible for Madoff to get the returns he reported while using the strategy he said he used.

"As the market goes up and down, this strategy should have done a little better or a little worse, just like everybody else," he said. "Instead, it appeared to be indifferent as to whether the market went up or down. They made money all the time."

Markopolos complained to the SEC's Boston office in May 1999, saying it was impossible for the kind of profit Madoff was reporting to have been gained legally.

But Madoff continued to thrive, even as Markopolos continued to pursue the case.

In 2005, he submitted a report to the SEC saying it was "highly likely" that "Madoff Securities is the world's largest Ponzi scheme." In the report, he says he knew his research could ruin people's careers and asked the SEC be discreet about circulating the report and his name.

"I am worried about the personal safety of myself and my family," he wrote.

The report highlights 29 "red flags" about Madoff's business, among them the returns of a third-party hedge fund managed by Madoff's firm which had negative returns in just seven on the 174 months Markopolos analyzed.

"No major league baseball hitter bats .960, no NFL team has ever gone 96 wins and only 4 losses over a 100 game span, and you can bet everything you own that no money manager is up 96% of the months either," he said.

His warnings were heard too late, and he's become a symbol of a botched oversight of Madoff by the SEC. His mother says the father of three boys under 5 has been bombarded by media requests. Now, a man who tried to be heard for years is going to lay low for a bit, she said.

Alleged Madoff fraud has worldwide exposure

The 70-year-old Madoff, well respected in the investment community after serving as chairman of the Nasdaq Stock Market, was arrested Thursday in what prosecutors say was a $50 billion scheme to defraud investors. Some investors claim they've been wiped out, while others are still likely to come forward.

The alleged victims who sunk cash into veteran Wall Street money manager Bernard Madoff's investment pool include real estate magnate Mortimer Zuckerman, the foundation of Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel, and a charity of movie director Steven Spielberg, according to The Wall Street Journal.

On Friday, representatives from major U.S. banks -- Bank of America Corp., Citigroup Inc., PNC Financial Services Group Inc. and Merrill Lynch & Co. -- declined to comment on whether they had exposure to Madoff's company. Both BlackRock Inc. and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. said they had no exposure.

Among those overseas confirming exposure on Monday, Banco Santander, the largest bank in the euro zone by market capitalization, said its clients have 2.33 billion euros ($3.07 billion) in exposure with Madoff, mostly through a fund called Optimal Strategic US Equity.

The Wall Street Journal, citing a person familiar with the matter, said Mortimer Zuckerman, the chairman of real estate firm Boston Properties and owner of the New York Daily News and U.S. News & World Report, had significant exposure through a fund that invested substantially all of its assets with Madoff.

Reports from Florida to Minnesota included profiles of ordinary investors who gave Madoff their money. Some had been friends with him for decades, others were able to invest because they were a friend of a friend. They told stories of losing everything from $40,000 to an entire nest egg worth well over $1 million.

Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo & Co., Comerica Inc. and U.S. Bancorp did not return calls seeking comment.

What Obama's Top Priorities Mean for Your Finances

As America's 44th president, Barack Obama will have one of the most challenging “to do” lists of any new Oval Office occupant in at least a generation. But before Obama can begin implementing the key aspects of his campaign's domestic agenda -- increasing healthcare insurance coverage, improving education, dealing with climate change -- he must try to kick-start a struggling economy that’s sinking into a terrible recession.

And he must do it as quickly as possible, given the worsening job market. Some sort of fiscal stimulus package might get passed when Congress returns from its autumn recess. But that will probably be merely an appetizer before the Democratic majorities in Congress send up a full-course meal of government aid to the new president soon after Obama takes the oath of office on Jan. 20, 2009.

“Although our recommendation is a $300 to $500 billion package, our current expectation is only about $200 billion,” explains economist Jan Hatzius of Goldman Sachs in a recent analysis. Such a package would most likely include infrastructure spending, financial aid to state and local governments struggling with lower property tax revenue, and tax rebates to middle- and lower-income individuals. Would President Obama sign such a pricey bill, with Uncle Sam already facing a budget deficit of $1 trillion or more next year because of the $700 billion bank bailout? You bet. A rotting economy can be poison to any new administration, sapping it of public support.

But stimulus is only one of many economic issues on Obama’s presidential priority list. Others include:

Helping homeowners. Wall Street got its megabailout, but what about Main Street? Many economists say that the plunging housing market and the deluge of foreclosures remain at the core of America’s economic troubles and the credit crisis. During the campaign, Obama favored a 10 percent universal mortgage credit, but Daniel Clifton, an analyst with the Strategas Group, expects Obama to consider a range of options to bolster falling prices, such as an expanded home purchase tax credit, a moratorium on foreclosures, and “and potentially a large-scale refinancing housing proposal.” Among the various refinancing possibilities: using Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to refinance the mortgages of all the “underwater” homeowners whose homes are now worth less than their mortgages. That could cost $50 billion or more. Others have suggested refinancing everyone into mortgages with a low, low rate. That could have a $300 billion tab. Expect Obama do something, though. Word has it that his advisers have been reading up on the New Deal. One of FDR's first moves during the Great Depression was helping homeowners avert foreclosure.

Cutting some taxes, raising others. Back in 1992, candidate Bill Clinton promised a big middle-class tax cut, but President Clinton never delivered. He instead focused on cutting the deficit. Don't expect such a switcheroo this time around. One of Obama's key criticisms of the Bush administration was that the middle class has seen a decline in its standard of living. With incomes flat or falling, the Democratic nominee explained, Americans were forced this decade to run up big credit card bills and borrow against their homes. Of course, who gets a tax cut -- actually a refundable tax credit -- is in dispute, with several different income ceilings being mentioned during the closing days of the campaign. One group that won't get a cut is households making $250,000 or more. Obama has promised to roll back the 2001 and 2003 investment- and income-tax cuts for those folks. Keep in mind, though, that a weak economy could provide reason to leave upper income-tax rates where they are until the Bush tax cuts expire at the end of 2010.

Creating jobs. With the unemployment rate currently at 6.1 percent and predicted to rise to 7 percent or higher, Obama will also move fast to implement his energy and infrastructure spending program, which is supposed create 5 million green jobs and ensure stronger economic growth into the future. He wants, for example, to invest $150 billion over 10 years to advance clean energy technology, as well as $10 billion per year for five years in a government-run, energy-themed venture capital fund. Then there is a $60 billion effort to shore up America’s crumbling roads, bridges, and electricity grid. Obama advisers promise that, despite the big budget shortfall, the jobs program will stay intact.

Fixing healthcare. Like the previous Democratic president, Obama has made healthcare reform a key part of his agenda. Though it may be one of the most complicated and politically dicey issues he has to tackle, look for Congress to quickly give him the opportunity to sign a renewal of an expanded version of the popular children's health insurance program. That would a first big step toward the full-scale revamp of the health insurance system that he has promised.

Picking an economic team. Who is going to help President Obama turn the economy around? Among his possible picks for Treasury secretary are former Clinton Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker, New York Federal Reserve Bank President Timothy Geithner, and JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon. Also expect his current top adviser on money matters, Jason Furman, to lead the White House economic team.

Companies start competing for bailout money

Insurers, automakers and American subsidiaries of foreign banks all want the Treasury Department to cut them a piece of the largest government rescue in U.S. history.

The betting is that many with their hands out will be successful, especially with financial markets in a stomach-churning dive and predictions the economy is about to tumble into a deep recession.

These groups argue that the credit squeeze is so severe and the risks to the economy so dire that their industries need financial support as well.

The Treasury is considering requests from a variety of industries, but has not decided whether to expand the program, officials said Saturday.

Lobbying efforts are intensifying.

The Financial Services Roundtable wrote Treasury officials on Friday requesting that the initiative to buy $250 billion in bank stock grow to cover insurers, auto companies, securities dealers and U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies, including banks. The Treasury's plan is intended to bolster banks' tattered balance sheets and get them to resume making loans.

As the Treasury now interprets it, these additional groups would not participate in the bank stock program. They could receive help from a separate part of the $700 billion rescue that will buy bad assets from financial institutions.

Steve Bartlett, the president of the Roundtable, urged the Treasury to broaden the definition of those eligible for the stock purchase program.

"The institutions that are excluded play a vital role in the U.S. economy by providing liquidity to the market," Bartlett wrote Neel Kashkari, the Treasury Department official running the bailout program.

Referring to U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies, Bartlett said, "This is a global crisis and to not recognize the U.S. firms controlled by foreign banks or companies would create further impediment to the market's recovery."

A financial industry official said Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson met over the past week with various groups, including hedge fund managers, that were petitioning for assistance. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because the Treasury has not made a decision.

This official said the discussions with insurance industry executives were being held in advance of what are expected to be disappointing earnings reports by some insurance companies in the coming week.

The official said the insurance industry would like to get government purchases of their stock on a mandatory basis, duplicating the agreement Paulson struck two weeks ago with nine major banks.

Paulson pressured the big banks to go along with the program as a way of removing the stigma that might be attached to the payments if only a few major banks had received them.

Some insurers technically would be eligible for stock purchases now if they own subsidiaries that are savings and loan institutions regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision.

Last month, American International Group, the country's largest insurance company, received an $85 billion loan from the Federal Reserve. Since then, it has gotten further support in an effort to withstand the biggest upheavals on Wall Street since the Great Depression.

Complicating the government's decision-making is that the Bush administration will not be in charge after Jan. 20. Paulson, who has said he has no intention of staying on the job, has pledged to consult with both campaigns on his bailout actions.

Democrat Barack Obama's presidential campaign said Friday it supported the effort by the auto industry to get money from the $250 billion made available for stock purchases. That would be in addition to $25 billion recently approved by Congress for low-interest loans to help the struggling industry retool and build fuel efficient vehicles.

The debate over expanding the bailout comes as the Treasury is rushing to get money out the door to the primary recipients: banks that sharply curtailed lending after suffering billions of dollars of losses on mortgage-related assets as home foreclosures soared in the housing slump.

Lawmakers are pressuring the Treasury to do more in the foreclosure area, as well.

Sheila Bair, head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., told Congress about efforts to provide government-backed loan guarantees for mortgages that are reworked to help homeowners in danger of default. That would give banks an incentive to speed up refinancing efforts because the government would back part of the reworked loan.

The Treasury also is moving ahead to get bank stock purchases approved. It announced on Oct. 14 that it was spending $125 billion to buy stock in nine of the largest financial institutions. An announcement was expected Friday about a second round involving 20 to 22 other banks.

But it was decided each bank would announce its own agreements with the Treasury, out of concern that excluded banks could suffer a stock sell-off from disappointed investors.

PNC Financial Services Group Inc. announced Friday it was acquiring National City Corp. for $5.58 billion, in what was the first instance of a bank using fresh investments from the bailout program to make an acquisition. PNC said it had received $7.7 billion in cash through selling stock to the government under the program.